Movements such as facial expressions, which are thought to be learned, can actually be observed in children who are blind thus there is some evidence for motor memory being genetically pre-wired. Research suggests we do not start off with a blank slate with regard to motor memory although we do learn most of our motor memory repertoire during our lifetime. Most motor skills are thought to be acquired through practice however, more observation of the skill has led to learning as well. The retention of motor skills, now referred to as muscle memory, also began to be of great interest in the early 1900s. Such studies included the research of handwriting, and various practice methods to maximize motor learning. Thereafter, numerous studies exploring the role of motor learning were conducted. After the break from tradition of the pre-1900s view of introspection, psychologists emphasized research and more scientific methods in observing behaviours. The origins of research for the acquisition of motor skills stem from philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle and Galen. Muscle memory is found in many everyday activities that become automatic and improve with practice, such as riding bicycles, driving motor vehicles, playing ball sports, typing on keyboards, entering PINs, playing musical instruments, poker, martial arts, and dancing. This process decreases the need for attention and creates maximum efficiency within the motor and memory systems. When a movement is repeated over time, the brain creates a long-term muscle memory for that task, eventually allowing it to be performed with little to no conscious effort. Muscle memory is a form of procedural memory that involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through repetition, which has been used synonymously with motor learning. ( February 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. Reversal of fibre cross-sectional area with detraining, and only modest improvement with retraining, suggests that much of the retention in strength with detraining and reacquisition of lost strength with retraining reflects neural adaptation.This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. The results indicate that elderly men lose some muscle strength following short-term detraining, but that only a brief period of retraining suffices to regain maximal strength. After 8 weeks of retraining, muscle strength returned to trained values, but without a significant change in fibre morphology. However, type I and II fibre cross-sectional area reverted to pretraining values. Of initial strength gains, only 29.9 +/- 5.2% was lost with detraining. Increased strength was accompanied by hypertrophy (P < 0.05) of type I (17.4 +/- 4.1%) and II (25.8 +/- 12.4%) muscle fibres. Muscle strength increased during initial training by 40.4 +/- 5.5% (mean +/- SEM), ranging from 26.0 +/- 5.0 to 83.9 +/- 15.6%, depending on muscle group. Needle biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle were obtained from seven men. Dynamic muscle strength was assessed by the 1-RM method every 2 weeks for 44 weeks. The resistance programme included three sets of eight repetitions at 75% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM), three times per week, for 10 upper and lower body exercises. During the detraining and retraining phase, subjects did not receive rhGH. To investigate the effects of cessation and subsequent resumption of training on muscle strength in elderly men, 11 men (aged 65-77 years), just completing a 24-week randomized controlled trial of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and resistance exercise (rhGH, n = 6 placebo, n = 5), detrained for 12 weeks and subsequently retrained for 8 weeks.
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